Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and is frequently combined with fossil-fuel diesel in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as biodiesel, straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. In China, rapeseed meal is mostly used as a soil fertilizer rather than for animal feed. However, the high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates in natural rapeseed oil significantly lowers the nutritional value of rapeseed press cakes for animal feed. The feed is employed mostly for cattle feeding, but is also used for pigs and poultry. Rapeseed is an excellent silage crop (fermented and stored in air-tight conditions for later use as a winterfeed). The byproduct is a high-protein animal feed, competitive with soybean. Processing of rapeseed for oil production produces rapeseed meal as a byproduct. These low levels of erucic acid are not believed to cause harm in human infants. Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US and 2% in the EU, with special regulations for infant food. Food-grade oil derived from rapeseed cultivars, known as canola oil or low-erucic-acid rapeseed oil (LEAR oil), has been generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Rapeseed oil can contain up to 54% erucic acid. Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils, but historically was used in limited quantities due to high levels of erucic acid, which is damaging to cardiac muscle of animals, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed. It is the world's second-leading source of protein meal after soybean. Rapeseed was the third-leading source of vegetable oil in the world in 2000, after soybean and palm oil. Rapeseed is grown for the production of edible vegetable oils, animal feed, and biodiesel. rapa are recorded as escapes in roadside verges and waste ground. It is a self-compatible pollinating species like the other amphidiploid Brassica species. napus is a digenomic amphidiploid that occurred due to the interspecific hybridization between B. napobrassica the rutabaga, swede, or yellow turnip). pabularia) which used to be common as a winter-annual vegetable. Siberian kale is a distinct leaf rape form variety ( B. It encompasses winter and spring oilseed, vegetable and fodder rape. Rapeseed is a subspecies with the autonym B. The species Brassica napus belongs to the flowering plant family Brassicaceae. The term "rape" derives from the Latin word for turnip, rāpa or rāpum, cognate with the Greek word ῥάφη, rhaphe. They have a reticulate surface texture, and are black and hard at maturity. The seeds are round and have a diameter of 1.5 to 3 mm ( 1⁄ 16 to 1⁄ 8 in). Each pod has two compartments separated by an inner central wall within which a row of seeds develops. They grow on pedicels 1 to 3 cm ( 3⁄ 8 to 1 + 3⁄ 16 in) long, and can range from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) in length. The rapeseed pods are green and elongated siliquae during development that eventually ripen to brown. The flowers have two lateral stamens with short filaments, and four median stamens with longer filaments whose anthers split away from the flower's center upon flowering. They have indeterminate racemose flowering starting at the lowest bud and growing upward in the following days. They are radial and consist of four petals in a typical cross-form, alternating with four sepals. Rapeseed flowers are bright yellow and about 17 mm ( 2⁄ 3 in) across. rapa by its smaller petals which are less than 13 mm ( 1⁄ 2 in) across. nigra by the upper leaves which do not clasp the stem, and from B. Description Under a microscope "The yellow cloud" by Hanno Karlhuberīrassica napus grows to 100 cm (39 in) in height with hairless, fleshy, pinnatifid and glaucous lower leaves which are stalked whereas the upper leaves have no petioles. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and the second-largest source of protein meal in the world. The term " canola" denotes a group of rapeseed cultivars that were bred to have very low levels of erucic acid and which are especially prized for use as human and animal food. napus), also known as rape, or oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of erucic acid.
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